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What is "3:1 Rule"?

This rule deals with minimizing the audible phasing problems when summing several microphones to mono. The rule states that the source-to-microphone distance of numerous microphones should be three times the distance between the sound source and the nearest microphone.

Phase peaks and dips from the same sound source occur when panned to the same position at approximately the same level, which will be the case using more than one microphone.

A rule-of-thumb for minimizing phasing issues is to have around 10 dB level difference between the microphone contributions.

The 3:1 distance rule addresses this need. Another workaround is to pan microphones in the mix, which will, by the nature of panning, also create level differences.

THE BASICS ABOUT COMB FILTERING (AND HOW TO AVOID IT)

Comb filtering occurs when a sound adds to itself within a short time interval. This interval typically ranges from less than one ms to approximately 25 ms. Comb filtering can emerge in two ways:

  • Due to reflections
  • Because more than one microphone is open and picking up the same signal at different positions.

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